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doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.4.1697-1705.2004 207 FukudaMLongneckerR

Elevated Hcy of endogenous origin, whether genetic (MTHFR) or epigenetic (SAMe related), determined in part by nutrition, assisted by CVO/BKN induced permeability, and characterized by altered 1) mitochondrial function, 2) neurotransmission, 3) enzyme activity, may represent the final common pathway

137 The brain has weak antioxidative defenses and a high oxygen consumption rate, making it particularly susceptible to OS

The study also found that decursin exhibited intrinsic free radical scavenging capacity and activated Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which in turn activated Nrf2 and produced heme oxygenases (HO-1), protecting PC12 cells from A2535-induced oxidative cytotoxicity

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In high concentrations, they disassemble thylakoid membranes